Sensors, Free Full-Text
![Sensors, Free Full-Text](https://www.mdpi.com/sensors/sensors-23-08882/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-23-08882-g001.png)
Sensors, Free Full-Text
A hypoglossal nerve stimulator (HGNS) is an invasive device that is used to treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) through electrical stimulation. The conventional implantable HGNS device consists of a stimuli generator, a breathing sensor, and electrodes connected to the hypoglossal nerve via leads. However, this implant is bulky and causes significant trauma. In this paper, we propose a minimally invasive HGNS based on an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor and wireless power transfer (WPT), consisting of a wearable breathing monitor and an implantable stimulator. The breathing external monitor utilizes an ECG sensor to identify abnormal breathing patterns associated with OSA with 88.68% accuracy, achieved through the utilization of a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm. With a skin thickness of 5 mm and a receiving coil diameter of 9 mm, the power conversion efficiency was measured as 31.8%. The implantable device, on the other hand, is composed of a front-end CMOS power management module (PMM), a binary-phase-shift-keying (BPSK)-based data demodulator, and a bipolar biphasic current stimuli generator. The PMM, with a silicon area of 0.06 mm2 (excluding PADs), demonstrated a power conversion efficiency of 77.5% when operating at a receiving frequency of 2 MHz. Furthermore, it offers three-voltage options (1.2 V, 1.8 V, and 3.1 V). Within the data receiver component, a low-power BPSK demodulator was ingeniously incorporated, consuming only 42 μW when supplied with a voltage of 0.7 V. The performance was achieved through the implementation of the self-biased phase-locked-loop (PLL) technique. The stimuli generator delivers biphasic constant currents, providing a 5 bit programmable range spanning from 0 to 2.4 mA. The functionality of the proposed ECG- and WPT-based HGNS was validated, representing a highly promising solution for the effective management of OSA, all while minimizing the trauma and space requirements.
![Sensors, Free Full-Text](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/66/83/33/668333783ed03d1e6318dc7c61dd759c.jpg)
Sensors, Free Full-Text, Design of Amphibious Vehicle for Unmanned Mission in Water Quality Monito
![Sensors, Free Full-Text](https://www.sumpalarm.com/cdn/shop/products/sumpalarm3.590_800x.png?v=1631714220)
Sensors, Free Full-Text
![Sensors, Free Full-Text](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-13-07902/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-13-07902f1.png?1403328487)
Sensors, Free Full-Text
![Sensors, Free Full-Text](https://www.science.org/cms/10.1126/scitranslmed.aan4950/asset/7202651b-1824-41fb-92a3-cb73c5f2068a/assets/graphic/aan4950-f5.jpeg)
Battery-free, wireless sensors for full-body pressure and temperature mapping
![Sensors, Free Full-Text](https://files.cheapies.nz/d/79/30379l.jpg?h=27a3cc74)
Arccos Golf GPS Sensors: Free Smart Sensors (+$13.99 AUD Shipping) @ Arccos Golf - ChoiceCheapies
![Sensors, Free Full-Text](https://lzd-img-global.slatic.net/g/p/e236634eb36ab58d500a3e3adb9979f2.jpg_720x720q80.jpg)
Sensors, Free Full-Text
![Sensors, Free Full-Text](https://d33v4339jhl8k0.cloudfront.net/docs/assets/5f6243234cedfd0017635412/images/6217c8b8efb7ce7c734439cf/file-WlvNaPjygr.png)
Freestyle Libre Troubleshooting: Sensor Error Reading Not Available - Scan Again in x Hours - Levels Support
![Sensors, Free Full-Text](https://pisces.bbystatic.com/image2/BestBuy_US/images/products/6405/6405666_sd.jpg)
Best Buy: GE CYNC Smart Wire-Free Motion Sensor White 93105005
![Sensors, Free Full-Text](https://www.freestyle.abbott/content/dam/adc/freestyle/uk/images/sampling/60-Sampling.png)
Free Trial Sensor, FreeStyle Libre 2
![Sensors, Free Full-Text](https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/pb-assets/assets/26292742/cover/slide-2-1704465889850.jpg)
Analysis & Sensing - Chemistry Europe - Wiley Online Library
![Sensors, Free Full-Text](https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sensors/sensors-23-03290/article_deploy/html/images/sensors-23-03290-g001.png?1679444959)
Sensors, Free Full-Text
![Sensors, Free Full-Text](http://www.aspbs.com/sensorlett/1812-4.jpg)
Sensor Letters